Winners of the Nobel Economics Prize
2006=Edmund S. Phelps for his analysis of intertemporal tradeoffs in macroeconomic policy
2005=Robert J. Aumann, Thomas C. Schelling “for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis“
2004=Finn E. Kydland, Edward C. Prescott “for their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles“
2003=Robert F. Engle III, Clive W.J. Granger “for methods of analyzing economic time series with time-varying volatility (ARCH)“ and “for methods of analyzing economic time series with common trends (cointegration)“
2002=Daniel Kahneman, Vernon L. Smith “for having integrated insights from psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty“ and “for having established laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical economic analysis, especially in the study of alternative market mechanisms“
2001=George A. Acklerof, A. Michael Spence, and Jospeh E. Stiglitz, for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information
2000=James J. Heckman and Daniel L. McFadden (both U.S.), for developing methods used in statistical analysis of individual and household behavior
1999=Robert A. Mundel (U.S.), for his work on monetary dynamics and optimum currency areas
1998=Amartya Sen (India), for his contributions to welfare economics
1997=Robert C. Merton and Myron S. Scholes (both U.S.), for developing a formula that determines the value of stock options and other derivatives
1996=James A. Mirrlees (U.K.) and William Vickrey (U.S.), for “their fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives”
1995=Robert E. Lucas, Jr. (U.S.), for having had the greatest influence on macroeconomic research since 1970
1994=John F. Nash, John C. Harsanyi (both U.S.), and Reinhard Selten (Germany), for their pioneering work in game theory
1993=Robert W. Fogel and Douglass C. North (both U.S.), for their work in economic history
1992=Gary S. Becker (U.S.), for “having extended the domain of economic theory to aspects of human behavior which had previously been dealt with—if at all—by other social science disciplines”
1991=Ronald Coase (U.S.), for his pioneering work in how property rights and the cost of doing business affect the economy
1990=Harry M. Markowitz, William F. Sharpe, and Merton H. Miller (all U.S.), whose work provided new tools for weighing the risks and rewards of different investments and for valuing corporate stocks and bonds
1989=Trygve Haavelmo (Norway), for his pioneering work in methods for testing economic theories
1988=Maurice Allais (France), for his pioneering development of theories to better understand market behavior and the efficient use of resources
1987=Robert M. Solow (U.S.), for seminal contributions to the theory of economic growth
1986=James M. Buchanan (U.S.), for his development of new methods for analyzing economic and political decision-making
1985=Franco Modigliani (U.S.), for his pioneering work in analyzing the behavior of household savers and the functioning of financial markets
1984=Sir Richard Stone (U.K.), for his work to develop the systems widely used to measure the performance of national economics
1983=Gerard Debreu (U.S.), in recognition of his work on the basic economic problem of how prices operate to balance what producers supply with what buyers want
1982=George J. Stigler (U.S.), for work on government regulation in the economy and the functioning of industry
1981=James Tobin (U.S.), for analyses of financial markets and their influence on spending and saving by families and businesses
1980=Lawrence R. Klein (U.S.), for developing models for forecasting economic trends and shaping policies to deal with them
1979=Sir Arthur Lewis (U.K.) and Theodore Schultz (U.S.), for work on economic problems of developing nations
1978=Herbert A. Simon (U.S.), for research into the decision-making process within economic organizations
1977=Bertil Ohlin (Sweden) and James E. Meade (U.K.), for contributions to theory of international trade and international capital movements
1976=Milton Friedman (U.S.), for work in consumption analysis and monetary history and theory, and for demonstration of complexity of stabilization policy
1975=Leonid V. Kantorovich (U.S.S.R.) and Tjalling C. Koopmans (U.S.), for work on the theory of optimum allocation of resources
1974=Gunnar Myrdal (Sweden) and Friedrich A. von Hayek (U.K.), for pioneering analysis of the interdependence of economic, social, and institutional phenomena
1973=Wassily Leontief (U.S.), for devising the input-output technique to determine how different sectors of an economy interact
1972=Kenneth J. Arrow (U.S.) and Sir John R. Hicks (U.K.), for theories that help to assess business risk and government economic and welfare policies
1971=Simon Kuznets (U.S.), for developing concept of using a country's gross national product to determine its economic growth
1970=Paul A. Samuelson (U.S.), for efforts to raise the level of scientific analysis in economic theory
1969=Ragnar Frisch (Norway) and Jan Tinbergen (Netherlands), for work in econometrics (application of mathematics and statistical methods to economic theories and problems)